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Hymenoptera --- Hymenoptera --- males --- males --- anatomy --- anatomy --- identification. --- identification --- South Africa --- South Africa

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Behaviour. --- Domestic pigs. --- Female. --- Isolation. --- Male. --- Males. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Sexual behavior. --- Sexual behaviour. --- Sexual.

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In three experiments investigating variables affecting responses of male Mongolian gerbils to conspecific young, we compared the behavior directed towards pups of natural fathers, virgin foster fathers, and sexually experienced foster fathers (Experiment 1); males either previously exposed or not exposed to pregnant females (Experiment 2); and males provided or not provided with extra opportunities to huddle over pups (Experiment 3). We found no difference in responses to pups among natural fathers, virgin foster fathers, and foster fathers that had fathered litters. On the other hand, both a week of exposure to a pregnant female and opportunity to huddle over pups for an extra 15 min/day had significant effects on males' subsequent responses to conspecific young. We speculate on the reasons why a male's response to pups might be affected by his exposure to a pregnant female and stimuli from pups, but not by the probability that the pups were his own offspring.

Behavior. --- Conspecific. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Exposure. --- Female. --- Females. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Male mongolian gerbils. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Natural. --- Pups. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Stimulation. --- Stimuli. --- Young.

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Stainless steel circular mirrors were employed in an enrichment plan for 105 singly housed male African green monkeys. We observed 25 randomly selected males to measure mirror use and to assess the mirrors' effectiveness as an enrichment item. We conducted additional mirror-use surveys on all 105 males using fingerprint accumulation as an indicator (rated on a scale of 0 to 4). Use was defined as either being in contact with the mirror (contact use (CU)) or looking directly into the mirror without contact (non-contact use (NC)). Mirror-use data were collected 10 months after the initial introduction of the mirrors and again at 16 months. The two time points were compared by paired t-tests. No significant difference in use was found between the two data collection points. On average, the monkeys used the mirrors 5.2% of the total time intervals recorded (approximately 3 min/hr). Results from the five fingerprint-accumulation surveys showed that 102 of 105 males (97%) had CU with their mirrors over the survey points. Based on the sustained use of the mirrors over a 6-month period, we concluded that the mirrors were an effective enrichment tool that the vast majority of our monkeys routinely used. Habituation did not appear to occur even a year after the mirrors were introduced. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc

African green monkey. --- Chimpanzees. --- Collection. --- Contact. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Habituation. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mirror. --- Mirrors. --- Monkey. --- Monkeys. --- Resources. --- Rhesus macaques. --- Survey. --- Time. --- Tool.

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Reproductive consequences of male spacing patterns have received relatively little attention in nonterritorial mammals, in particular in group-living species, where most studies have focused on the relation between social rank and reproductive success. We investigated the effects of spacing pattern on male reproductive success within a social, nonterritorial, promiscuous population of stray cats, Felis catus. Male home ranges overlapped home ranges of many females, consistent with a promiscuous mating system. Furthermore, males with the largest home ranges included the most female home ranges; they successfully reproduced with these females and had the highest reproductive success. Home range size predicted male reproductive success even when controlling for the effect of social rank. However, males also reproduced with females whose home range did not overlap their home range, suggesting that males can make quick excursions outside their home range to find new mating opportunities. We conclude that, in group-living situations, a male's ability to maintain a large home range may be one of the principal causes of variation in mating success in the stray cat.

Ability. --- Attention. --- Cat. --- Cats. --- Consequences. --- Female. --- Females. --- Group. --- Home range. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mammals. --- Mating system. --- Mating. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Population. --- Rank. --- Reproductive success. --- Situations. --- Size. --- Social. --- Success. --- System. --- Variation.